ABSTRACT
Entirely different ethnic, cultural, and religious groups, such as the Beca, Fur, Nuba, and Dinka, have settled and lived within the boundaries of Sudan for a long time. Nonetheless, this diversity has not entirely been positive, often leading to political, social, and economic issues. Exclusion and marginalization of various ethnic communities, more so those inhabiting peripheral zones such as Darfur, South Kordofan, and Eastern Sudan, have fueled polarization and conflicts. They have been politically marginalized and denied resources, education, and healthcare, exacerbating the economic inequalities. The Sudanese government has mostly paid attention to the region in the center, but there has been no development for the ethnic communities. This neglect has catalyzed tribal battles, internal conflicts, civil wars, and political unrest. The current social exclusion still poses difficulties for the country’s unity. These initiatives hold the potential to bring about positive change, but only if they are designed to ensure that the governance employed is representative and that all strategic resources are equitably distributed among all groups, including those affected. While there are international actors who assist Sudan with violence-related issues through development activities, these efforts often overlook the ethnic problems in Sudan. For a lasting peace in Sudan, the issues of marginalization must be addressed, and national unity must be promoted, offering hope for a brighter future.